The allele symbols on the outside of the punnett square represent the alleles in the gametes . Because when we done cross we got the gametes only . Example AABB X aabb , then we got the gametes AB and ab . This represent AB and ab are the alles of the gamete only . A allele is the alternative form of gene , if one is dominant other one is recessive.
It's called your Petella, although I don't know if that's how it's spelled.
A. the mitochondria and chloroplasts are much different in structure than bacteria
The answer is
D. Repeated trials
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