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The sponge-like structure, as well as the high salt content of water and the <span>ease of contaminating water contribute to the environmental stress on a coral reef.
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Embedded in the lipid bilayer are large proteins, many of which transport ions and water-soluble molecules across the membrane. Some proteins in the plasma membrane form open pores, called membrane channels, which allow the free diffusion of ions into and out of the cell.
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Genome mapping is used to identify and record the location of genes and the distances between genes on a chromosome. Genome mapping provided a critical starting point for the Human Genome Project. Sequenced DNA fragments can be aligned to the genome map to aid with the assembly of the genome.
By inducing mutations, scientists have been able to increase genetic variation, which breeders depend on to produce crops with desirable traits, such as resistance to diseases and insects. ... Mutations can be induced in a variety of ways, such as by exposure to ultraviolet or ionizing radiation or chemical mutagens.
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