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The Second Opium War ， also known as the Second Anglo-Chinese War, the Second China War, the Arrow War, or the Anglo-French expedition to China, was a war pitting the British Empire and the French Empire against the Qing dynasty of China that lasted from 1856 to 1860.
In 1860, British and French troops landed near Beijing and fought their way into the city. Negotiations quickly broke down and the British High Commissioner to China ordered the troops to loot and destroy the Imperial Summer Palace, a complex and garden where Qing Dynasty emperors had traditionally handled the country’s official matters.
The second Opium War forced the Qing government to sign peace treaties between China and Russia such Tianjin Treaty and Beijing Treaty. As a result, China lost more than 1.5 million square kilometers of territory in northeast and northwest China. After the war, the Qing government was able to concentrate on the Taiping Rebellion and maintaining its rule. The agreements of the Convention of Peking led to the ceding of Kowloon Peninsula as part of Hong Kong.
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