Peristalsis<span> is a radically symmetrical </span><span> contraction and relaxation of muscles</span><span> that propagates in a wave</span><span> down a tube, in an anterograde direction.</span>
Answer with Explanation:
Gramicidine is an antibiotic that has a polypeptide structure and is composed of 3 chains. This molecule can adopt a structure called beta 6-3 helix, so as to form a channel through the cell membrane of bacteria which allows the passage of ions (in this case cations) such as H +, K + or Na +, this situation leads to that in the cell alterations in the content of cellular cations are generated, among the effects the loss of potassium that can cause the death of the cell due to hemolysis due to alteration in the permeability of the membrane is highlighted. This effect is known as the ionophore effect.
An ionophore effect leads to the inhibition in the release of H + to the mitochondrial electronic transport chain.
Gramicidin thanks to its mechanism of action, when it produces interference specifically in a cellular organelle called mitochondria in the inner mitochondrial membrane, it is responsible for interrupting the passage of electrons, alters the gradient of H + and the performance of the enzyme called ATP- synthase which is responsible for producing ATP.
The damage that the entire previous situation produces on oxidative phosphorylation, leads to the refusal of ADP refosphorylation, then ADP and its hydrolysis products will accumulate, and finally the result will be a decrease in ATP levels.
<span>Protein channels are needed to transport substances because it accelerates the transport process. Very few substances enter or leave cells without being attached to a transport protein. Different types of substances require different types of proteins to transport them. Protein channels transport water or ions downwards and ATP-powered pumps transport molecules or ions upwards. ATP generates energy to transport the molecules upwards. Gravity is used to transport the water molecules downwards. So, in a nutshell, if substances need to be transported from the top of the body downward, the force of gravity is used to transport the substances down. If substances need to be transported upwards, ATP, a coenzyme, is used to generate energy to transport the substance upwards</span>
