Paracrines are chemical messaged sent to neighboring cells.
<u>Helper t-cells</u> identify antigens and then multiply and trigger the production of other kinds of immune cells.
<h3>What are helper T-cells?</h3>
Helper T-cells are one of the main types of immune cells. They detect infections and activate other immune cells to fight the infection.
Your thymus develops helper T-cells. The thymus is a small gland in the front of your chest. The other types of T-cells include:
- Cytotoxic T-cells, which fight infections.
- Regulatory T-cells, which regulate or suppress other immune cells when needed.
- NKT-cells, which can enhance immunity in general.
<h3>What are the subtypes of helper T-cells?</h3>
When helper T-cells detect an infection, they form into one of two subtypes:
- TH1 helper cells release a molecule that activates a type of cell called a macrophage. Macrophages are specialized cells that help eliminate foreign substances from your body. TH1 cells also activate cytotoxic T-cells.
- TH2 helper cells release molecules that activate B-cells. B-cells create antibodies. They also release cells that cause coughing, sneezing or diarrhea to help your body get rid of foreign substances. This group of T-cells helps generate allergy antibodies.
Learn more about helper T-cells
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Four major components of biodiversity are:
1. Genetic diversity - refers to the genetic variation that occurs among members of the same species.
2. Species diversity - (taxonomic diversity) refers to the variety of species or other taxonomic groups in an ecosystem
3. Ecosystem diversity - refers to the variety of biological communities found on earth. With ecosystem diversity, its two levels are generally considered, which are communities and ecosystems.
4. Functional diversity - refers to the variety of biological processes, function or characteristics of a particular ecosystem.
Answer:
it would affect the things in that living are bevausevmany animals live there and they depend on the nature and the food from the plants. without soil there the animals will leave the area or simply die there because of the lack of food source and soil nutrients. also the soil affects the water and makes the whole water polluted of soil.
<span>the punnet square is composed of spots in the x axis and tails in the y axis hence the combinations: | BL | Bl | bL | bl|
The genotypes are
---BL |BBLL| BBLl| BbLL| BbLl
--- bL |BbLL| BbLl| bbLL| bbLl
--- BL |BBLL| BBLl| BbLL| BbLL
--- bL |BbLL| BbLl| bbLL| bbLl</span>