Islamic armies faced major resistance from cities in the Persian Empire. Islam first developed in Europe and then spread inland through Africa. Islam had its origins in Constantinople before spreading to Arabia.
It depends on which course you're studying. Different nomads had different reasons. I'm sorry I wasn't able to give you a better answer.
An oligarchy is defined by a small group of people having control of the entire country, rather than the whole population of the country ruling it jointly. In a way, in my opinion, the US was an oligarchy during slavery: as people of colour and women didn't have voting rights.
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The correct answer is lower interest rates. If a credit card balance is paid in full within the grace period then the customer will receive lower interest rates. But if the credit card balance is NOT paid in full within the grace period then the customer will receive higher interest rates.