The first four Caliphs were Abu Bakr<span>, </span>Umar<span>, </span>Uthman<span>, and Ali
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Europe to Asia from 1271 to 1295
Climes advises Donner Party to NOT take short cuts, reed does not follow his advice.
That is describing what the character does so it is C. It couldn't be A because it isn't a part of the story. It couldn't be B because it isn't a problem. It lastly couldn't be D because it's not a message the author is trying to convey to the reader.
The last one, "The Native Americans fought on land they knew."