Answer:

Step-by-step explanation:
We can model the string as a hypergeometric distribution, as each bit has two possible values, 1 or 0, and the chance of a 1 or 0 changes with every bit, as there are a finite number M of 0's and N of 1's and every bit takes one of those values.
If M+N (total size of the string) >> r (number of trials), we could model it as a binomial distribution as the probability of a 1 or 0 wouldn't change in a significant amount with every bit, but as we don't know the magnitude of M+N and r, we follow up with hypergeometric distribution.
The distribution has the following formula for probability:

Where k is the number of sucesses, K is how many total sucess states are in the population, N is the population size and n is the number of draws.
For our case, a 1 would be a sucess, i.e. k the number of 1's we want to know the probability, N our total number of 1's, M+N the length of the string (population size) and we want to analyse what happens in the first r bits (number of draws):

Answer:
x = -18
Step-by-step explanation:
x - (-5)= - 23
you would do the opposite of -5 which is positive 5 and you would add 5 to the negative 5 to cancel out that -5 and add 5 to the -23 which gives you -18 so x = -18
Hope this helps!
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Answer:

Step-by-step explanation:
The logarithm is evaluated as follows:



The value of the logarithm can be estimated by means numeric methods, which can be easily used on calculators (i.e. Macaulay Series)

Answer:
2628.15
Step-by-step explanation:
1909.15+ 1437.99/2=2628.15