That would be A, an adjective phrase. :)
They are natural disasters
He believes that he will no longer be able to have adventures because he will have to attend to his wife
The answer is C. My Aunt Meena, a nurse in a busy hospital, is from California
Appositives need a comma in front of and after the phrase, this is because the phrase interrupts the flow of the actual sentence.
Hope this helped!
~Just a girl in love with Shawn Mendes