Continental drift is the geological phenomenon in which continents move. These movements at speeds of a few centimeters per year can actually be measured since the advent of satellite geodesy. The movement of continents is caused by plate tectonics.
Alfred Wegener noted at the beginning of the 20th century that the edges of some continents (particularly South America and Africa) are similar in shape, concluding that the continents were connected and separated before. The problem was that it was not known how huge land masses could move across the Earth's surface. Such a movement requires enormous power and it was not known where it came from.
Later it was known that, according to plate tectonics, the continents move as a result of convection currents in the mantle. They slowly move away from each other, bump into each other, slide under each other, or rub against each other. This causes various surface phenomena, such as earthquakes, volcanism, and slow changes, such as subsidence, mountain building and the displacement of continents.
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The organisms in the Cretaceous period and Permian Period are now extinct.
The emergence and demise of specific living forms are represented by time periods on the geologic time scale that span hundreds of millions of years. A mass extinction is a period of geologic time when a large number of plant and animal species go extinct, sometimes within a few thousand to a few million years.
Life has recovered after each of the five significant mass extinctions that have taken place during the past 500 million years. Because it led to the extinction of the dinosaurs, the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous Period is the most well-known. However, the Permian Period's end saw the most extreme one in terms of the number of species destroyed.
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Both the ancient Greeks and Phoenicians extensively colonized vast areas of Europe, along the Mediterranean and Black Sea coasts. In doing so, they spread their culture, which strongly influenced the local tribes. For the Greeks, this is called “Hellenization”.
