Confucius wrote this. He was a Chinese teacher, editor, politician, and a philosper in the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese History. He was very influential and was known for his popular aphorisms ans for his social interactions.
The colony of New York had to overcome the fact that they had a single government so they could make quick easy choices, and adapt to a government outside of their colony.
Poor/slaves - Depending on who is their master, they may have almost no rights to large amounts of rights. If they have a 'horrible' master, they are usually worked to the bone and did not have any 'extras', for example being able to go view games, etc. If they have a 'good' master, they get treated well, and have the 'extras'.
consule- A consul is one of two annually elected chief magistrates of the Roman republic
Empire- Usually is the royal family, or the Caesar family, these usually have their titles passed down through family(?), unless there is a coup, and another family takes it over (which happened often towards the end of the empire)
hope this helps
He created many advanced war weapons and artillery along with promoting public education to be funded by the government.