John Adams was from 1789 to 1797
The supreme court breathed new life into the 13th amendment by adding discrimination and involuntary servitude to the Amendment.
They uphold the provisions in the civil right act of 1866, which make citizens unable to discriminate and exclude people on daily basis solely because of their race or color.
Is the Soviet union, it one of the reasons for hitlers downfall. The Soviet Union was in Russia where the Russians had an advantage over hitlers army and lead to the nazi being defeated.