Somebody cannot answer this unless they have seen the cartoon this question is asking about.
1. a. General statement to particular thesis.
2. c. Don't give a repetition of facts word for word.
3. a. Fragment - Although he rarely goes. to the mall, to the store, on vacation, to a party, to school.
4. a. Fragment - When the stone hit the window. , it shattered., , the stone bounced off., , my father yelled at me.
5. b. comma-splice - the comma or and not both
6. c. no error
7. b. comma-splice - think, I have ever missed <-------fragmented due to the missing of have (I have never missed my appointment., I may have missed my appointment.)
8. c. no error found
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The term that would best fit as the opposition of an argument would be a "counterclaim." By definition, a counterclaim is a term used to describe a claim wherein it serves as a "rebut" from the person that is the subject of the accusation. It is of course defined in the constitution, that the accused has the right to defend himself/herself thus making a counterclaim.