Answer:
The position of caliph became hereditary during the Umayyad Caliphate, making it the first Islamic dynasty. ... One of the responsibilities of the Caliph was to protect the Islamic holy cities of Mecca and Medina.
Explanation:
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They prevented the colonies from purchasing or selling goods to Spain or France
Mercantilist thinking characterized British economic strategy. For the goal of boosting British finances at the expense of colonial territories and other European imperial powers, the British Parliament passed measures such as protectionist trade barriers, governmental restrictions, and subsidies to home businesses. A flourishing industrial sector and trade with other European nations were two additional things that England wanted to stop happening in her colonies in North America. The British Parliament passed a number of laws referred to as the Navigation Acts in order to achieve this starting in 1651.
This basically stopped the colonies from conducting business with other European nations. A number of further laws that placed more restrictions on colonial commerce and raised customs fees were passed after this one.
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The state laws can not supercedes the federal laws as long as the state laws remain at state level.
<h3>What guides the supremacy?</h3>
The supremacy of federal law is guided by Supremacy Clause that establishes that the federal law generally take a precedence over state laws and even state constitutions.
Hence, the state laws can not supercedes the federal laws as long as the state laws remain at state level.
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Dollar Diplomacy, foreign policy created by U.S. Pres. William Howard Taft (served 1909–13) and his secretary of state, Philander C. Knox, to ensure the financial stability of a region while protecting and extending U.S. commercial and financial interests there.
Clause 38 of the Magna Card says as follows : In future no official shall place a man on trial upon his own unsupported statement, without producing credible witnesses to the truth of it. The Magna Carta is a cedula that King Juan "without land" of England granted to the English nobles in which he undertook to respect the privileges and immunities of the nobility.
