Answer/Explanation:
(1) a mutation in the coding region, resulting in an inactive protein
To check to see if there is a mutation, you could extract the DNA from the cancer cells and then perform PCR to amplify the gene of interest. You could then perform sanger sequencing and compare the sequence to the normal gene to see if a mutation is present. To test the effect of the mutation, you would want to see if an active protein has been formed.
To see if a normal sized protein has been formed, you could perform a western blot, comparing the protein band to the WT protein band. If the protein is absent or much smaller, it is likely not a functional protein.
(2) epigenetic silencing at the promoter of the gene, resulting in reduced transcription.
To check for changes in the epigenetic landscape of the promoter, you could perform chromatin immunoprecipitation by extracting the chromatin from the tumour cells and using antibodies for different chromatin marks to see what has changed between the normal cells and the tumor cells. E.g. H3K9me3, H3K27me3. You would perform a pull down with the antibody of interest and then PCR for your promoter to specifically look at changes at that gene compared to normal cells. To test DNA methylation, you could perform bisulfite sequencing.
To see how transcription is affected, you could extract RNA from the tumor and normal cells, and compare the levels of RNA between the two samples by qRT-PCR
Answer
1. The vascular and dermal tissues
2. Protein capsid
Explanation
Dermal tissue present in plants offer the first defense mechanism against physical damage which could be caused by insects and infections.The dermal tissue covers the outside parts of a plant except in woody shrubs and tree which are protected by the bark. Vascular tissues in plants are responsible for the transportation of water and nutrients that are vital in cell repair and growth.Through vascular tissues, the plant obtains nutrients important for the restoration of the damaged cells.
A capsid is the protein shell of a virus.It is composed of protomers which are subunits.Some viruses are enveloped by a capsid coated with a lipid membrane called the viral envelop.The main function of a capsid is to protect the genetic material of a virus while interacting with the host environment.
<span>Challenges:
1. Vietnam
2. The worst economy since the Great Depression
3. Communist Europe (the Helsinki Accords)
4. Richard Nixon
One month after taking over the presidency, Ford pardoned Nixon. This
caused a lot of controversy but Ford claimed he did it to save the
nation from the prospect of a long, messy, and divisive trial.
In 1974, President Ford also offered clemency to those who evaded the
draft during the Vietnam War if they would swear allegiance and perform
two years of public service. Similarly, those who deserted during the
war could return for two years in the branch they left to achieve
clemency. However, Ford was criticized both by those who felt he was
being to easy on the draft dodgers and those who had avoided the service
because they felt they were in the right.
In 1974, Ford asked for aid to be sent to South Vietnam as fighting had
resumed. Congress would not agree. In April 1975, Saigon fell and by
1976, North and South Vietnam were united into one country.
Ford escaped two assassination attempts, both by women. First on
September 5, 1975, Lynette Fromme, a follower of Charles Manson, pointed
a gun at him but did not fire. She was convicted of attempting to
assassinate the president and sentenced to life in prison. The second
attempt on Ford's life occurred on September 22, 1975 when Sara Jane
Moore fired one shot that was deflected by a bystander. Moore was trying
to prove herself to some radical friends with the assassination of the
president. She was convicted of attempted assassination and sentenced to
life in prison.</span>
