Answer:
<u>Study of Communication History Criticism (Kovarik)-</u> Relatively new but histories of the press appear far back as 1683. Critical perspectives of printing business appeared in 20th century inspired by Theodore Roosevelt's denunciation muckraking in 1906, and Walter Lippmann's "Public Opinion" in 1920. Even in early 21st century media students saw media historians lagging behind social issues and digital revolution. It has been nationalistic and parochial and needs more breadth and integration.
<u>Harold Innis-</u> (1894-1952) economic historian who said Western Civilization has been influenced by communication technologies. Civilizations using durable media oriented towards time and religious orthodoxy (Babylon) while others with flexible media (Rome, Greece, modern) were oriented towards control f space and a secular approach to life.
<u>Marshall McLuhan-</u> (1911-1980) Jesuit priest and media scholar who became popular with an aphoristic writing style ("the medium is the message") and was influenced by Innis. Believed tech would move us into a "global village." Believed media were extensions/amputations of ourselves and later influenced Walter Ong. Tended towards technological determinism.
<u>Technological Determinism-</u> Technology is path-dependent, with inevitable changes and consequently predicable impacts on culture.
<u>Social Constructionists-</u> See a stronger influence for economics, politics, and culture that control technological development.
<u>Luddites-</u> 1811 when thousands of British textile workers lost their jobs following the introduction of steam powered machinery. Mobs of starving worked broke into the factory and busted the textile machinery and blamed it on a mythical figure named Ned Ludd. They only intended to break the machines but people were also killed/hurt.
<u>Technological Fallacies-</u> Predictions about technology that don't come true
<u>Hot and Cool Media-</u> A term coined by McLuhan in Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (1964). While very subjective the idea is that media that are "cool" require participation from an audience/user while those that are "hot" invite easy participation endless conscious immersion.
<u>McLuhan's Tetrad-</u> New communication technologies crate four effects: (1) The new media enhances something (2) New media makes something obsolete (3) New media retires something that had nearly been forgotten from an earlier time (4) The new media reverse or flip into something different.
<u>Classifying Media Services-</u> A four section grid with reception time and place on the left side (broken into individual and central control) and on the top source of information (broken into central and individual). From top left to right top-down programs (traditional mass media) and virtual market (eBay, etc) and at the bottom left rich content and social media.
<u>Oral Culture-</u> Humans are born with a natural capacity for xmix language with thousands of words. People in oral culture think in practical concrete ways rather than abstract or linear ways. Decision by consensus, and modern board room or modern jury retain elements of oral culture. Ong observes mnemonic memory using aphorisms, tendency toward high descriptive speech, and constant communal communication.
<u>https://quizlet.com/297178755/history-of-communication-flash-cards/</u>
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