The gemmulation can be defined as the aggregation of the cells mostly archeocytes when reserve food granules are isolated in a surface of sponge and it is surrounded a protective covering.
The Fragmentation can be defined as a process by which the asexual reproduction in the multi cellular organism takes place. The fragments of the organism takes place and each fragment grows to form a new individual whose genetic combination is same like its parent.
d. Gemmulation involves providing a resistant layer of cells for a capsule; fragmentation is merely breaking off chunks of tissue to grow a new organism
Explanation:
Gemmulation and fragmentation are both a type of asexual reproduction. Gemmulation starts when mass of cell which is produced asexually that are capable of producing a new organism.
These mass of cells gets surrounded by a protective covering which provide a resistant layer of cell and the structure is called gemmule.
In fragmentation, the parent body part breaks from the whole body and gives rise to a new organism. For example in planaria. So the correct answer is d.
