Before the civil war cities were mainly industry based. Manufacturing goods was really the only thing that was done in cities.
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For Presidents’ Day, we need to remember the strong leadership that George Washington gave our nation during the Revolutionary War and afterward, when he became our first president. His integrity and courage in times of crisis make him an exceptional role model for students today.
One neglected feather in Washington’s cap is his commitment to having the U. S. be a financially sound nation. He knew that no nation ever became strong–or remained strong–on borrowed money. Financial integrity and national power go hand in hand. Thus, he committed the U. S. to paying off all debts incurred in fighting the Revolutionary War. When he took office in 1789, the U. S. owed about $41 million in IOUs to thousands of merchants, bankers, and citizens who loaned money to Washington and other leaders for guns, supplies, and food. Sometimes those IOUs are called “continental bonds.” We also owed about $11 million to the French for financial (and military) aid in overcoming the British.
Some American politicians wanted to renege on these debts, or only pay part of them off. But Washington and his Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton recognized that U. S. credit and international integrity could only be obtained by paying back our creditors all that we owed them. Thus, Washington supported a tariff–usually 5%–on all imports, and he supported a whiskey tax as well as the two methods of raising money to pay off our national debt. In his Farewell Address, he urged his countrymen to avoid “the accumulation of debt,” and asked them not to throw “upon posterity the [debt] burden, which we ourselves ought to bear.”
What was the result of Washington’s effort to set high fiscal standards for the U. S.? Americans followed his leadership and usually spent less federal money that was taken in by the tariff and the whiskey tax. In less than forty years after Washington’s presidency, the entire national was eliminated and the U. S. actually (for a brief period) was a nation of surpluses and no debt. We had laid the foundation to become a great nation thanks in part to the excellent leadership of George Washington.
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According to Aristotle, poetry is a form of analyzing its constitutive parts and then drawing general conclusions.
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The number of helots in relation to Spartan citizens varied throughout the history of the Spartan state; according to Herodotus, there were seven helots for each Spartan at the time of the Battle of Plataea in 479 BC. Thus the need to keep helot population in check and prevent rebellion was one of the main concerns of the Spartans. Helots were ritually mistreated, humiliated and even slaughtered: every autumn the Spartans would declare war on the helots so they could be killed by a member of the Crypteia without fear of religious repercussion. Uprisings and attempts to improve the lot of the helots did occur, such as the Conspiracy of Cinadon.
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