Plato believed that concepts had a universal form, an ideal form, which leads to his idealistic philosophy. Aristotle believed that universal forms were not necessarily attached to each object or concept, and that each instance of an object or a concept had to be analyzed on its own.
New Deal is the name given by the president of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt to his interventionist policy put in place to fight against the effects of the Great Depression in the United States. This program was developed between 1933 and 1938 with the objective of supporting the poorest layers of the population, reforming financial markets and revitalizing a wounded American economy since the crash of 1929 due to unemployment and bankruptcies.
Commonly, two New Deals are distinguished. A first, particularly marked by the "One Hundred Days of Roosevelt" in 1933, which pointed to an improvement in the situation in the short term. You can find, then, bank reform laws, urgent social assistance programs, help programs for work, or even agricultural programs. The Government made important investments and allowed access to financial resources through the various government agencies. The economic results were moderate, but the situation improved. The "Second New Deal" was extended between 1935 and 1938, putting forward a new distribution of resources and power on a broader scale, with trade union protection laws, the Social Security Act, as well as aid programs for farmers. and street workers.
The fight against the crisis lasted until the United States mobilized its economy with the Second World War. The success of the New Deal is undeniable on the social level. The policy led by President Franklin D. Roosevelt changed the country through reforms and not through a revolution. On the other hand, the New Deal programs were openly experimental, manifestly perfectible, and given the costs of this process, a more complete change program could have been preferred. However, the imperfect nature of the New Deal allowed a constructive criticism and a more deliberate reflection that opened the way to an improvement of American democracy in the following years and which lasts until today. In union matters, the adoption of the so-called Wagner Act allowed unions to become powerful collectives.
Preserving natural areas in the United States was major debate at the turn of the century. Theodore Roosevelt was the major leader in preserving wilderness and was essential in creating the natural parks. While other politicians wanted to cut down trees to build cities and factories, naturalists wanted to save the natural beauty of the United States.
By the third century, Christianity was well established in and around Greece and the Middle East, as well as in Rome, Alexandria, Carthage and a few cities such as Lyons in the 'barbarian' western Europe.
Christianity had largely failed to penetrate Egypt outside Alexandria, or much of western Europe. Even Italy, outside the city of Rome, seems to have largely resisted Christianity. It seems that the Egyptian and Celtic religions had not entered a period of decline and scepticism in the way that the Greco-Roman religion had done. However, there was no impediment to Christians preaching in those areas, other than a lack of interest on the part of the population.
Christian tradition suggests that the Christians suffered constant harrassment and persecution by the Roman authorities. However, Euan Cameron (Interpreting Christian History: The Challenge of the Churches' Past) says, "Contrary to popular tradition, the first three centuries of Christianity were not times of steady or consistent persecution. Persecution was sporadic, intermittent, and mostly local." Edward Gibbon (The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire) goes further and, on a number of occasions, praises the pagan Romans for their general tolerance towards Christianity. Widespread and persistent persecution of other faiths only really began with the Christian Empire.
There was a total of perhaps 12 years of official persecution of Christianity during nearly three hundred years in which Christianity existed in the pagan Empire. Otherwise, the Christians were largely allowed to worship as they pleased, and even to proselytise their faith, as long as they took care not to offend others or disturb the peace. This allowed Christianity to prosper and spread far and wide.
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