For centuries, Afghanistan has been an unstable place, especially over the last century. In the early 1900s, Afghanistan was established as an independent country, no longer under the yoke of foreign powers.Starting in the 1970s, there were a series of coup d'états, where power changed from one group to another. In 1978, a civil war began within Afghanistan's borders between pro- and anti-communist forces. The Soviet Union sent in military forces to support the communists, and a bloody conflict began. During this fight, the United States provided money and military assistance to those fighting the Soviets. Some of these were known as the Mujahideen, composed of Islamists who were staunchly opposed to the Soviet invasion. Over one million Afghans died during this conflict, but the Soviets were repulsed.After fighting the Soviets, Afghanistan saw various warlords and extremist groups vie for control of the country over the coming years. By the mid-1990s, a fundamentalist group called the Taliban took control of the country. The Taliban ruled according to Islamic Sharia law and instituted extremely harsh restrictions on the country.The Taliban created an environment in Afghanistan that bred terrorists. Osama Bin Laden, a veteran of the fight against the Soviets, became a leading figure in the Al Qaeda terrorist organization, one of the largest and most sophisticated Islamic terror groups in the world. It was from within Afghanistan that Bin Laden and his followers plotted to strike against the United States.On September 11, 2001, Al Qaeda terrorists launched attacks against the United States. Terrorists flew two planes full of innocents into buildings in New York City and one into the Pentagon in Washington, D.C. A fourth plane was brought down by brave passengers in Southern Pennsylvania. Almost 3,000 Americans were killed in these terrorist attacks.
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B. nativists on the West Coast.
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Chinese Exclusion Act which came into being on May 1882 by its sighing by the president Chester A. Arthur. The act has suspended a particular nationality of people for ten years who were Chinese and making them ineligible for neutralization. The act was the response of American public opinion who held that their economic ills and low wages were because of immigration labor.
The Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution which is found in Article VI, Clause 2, creates that the Constitution, federal laws made pursuant to it, and treaties made under its power, constitute the supreme law of the land. It is called the "linchpin of the constitution" because it joins the National Government and the states into a single governmental unit, a federal government.
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Today, there are planes, automobiles, subways, etc. Technology and science has had the biggest influence on transportation. Engineers and physicists have made it possible to take 150 people and fly them across the ocean. Automobile designers continue to find greener ways to build cars that will emit less pollution.
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