The will be first heard at a trial court.
The trial courts of a U.S. federal judiciary are the district courts. Every federal judicial district, each of which covers one U.S. state or, in certain cases, a portion of a state, has one district court. There is minimum one courthouse for every district court, but many districts have much more than one. Decisions of district courts may be appealed to a U.S. court of appeals again for relevant circuit.
District courts have jurisdiction over both civil and criminal issues and thus are court of law, justice, and admiralty. Federal district courts, in contrast to American state courts, have a narrower scope of jurisdiction and are only able to hear cases involving conflicts between citizens of different states, issues of federal law, and federal offences.
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The Fourteenth Amendment prevents states from denying citizens equal protection of the laws.
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What is the Fourteenth Amendment?</h3>
- The Fourteenth Amendment (Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution was ratified as one of the Reconstruction Amendments on July 9, 1868.
- It was proposed in response to issues concerning former slaves following the American Civil War and is widely regarded as one of the most consequential amendments.
- It addresses citizenship rights and equal protection under the law.
- The amendment was fiercely contested, especially by the defeated Confederacy's states, which were forced to ratify it in order to regain representation in Congress.
- The first section of the amendment, in particular, is one of the most litigated parts of the Constitution, serving as the foundation for landmark Supreme Court decisions such as Brown v. Board of Education (1954) regarding racial segregation, Roe v. Wade (1973) regarding abortion (overturned in 2022), Bush v. Gore (2000) regarding the 2000 presidential election, and Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) regarding same-sex marriage.
- The amendment restricts the actions of all state and local officials, as well as those acting on their behalf.
Therefore, the Fourteenth Amendment prevents states from denying citizens equal protection of the laws.
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On February 24, 1969, the Supreme Court ruled in Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District that students at school retain their First Amendment right to free speech. The story of this landmark case begins four years prior, during the early wave of protests against the Vietnam War.
