Answer:
Explanation:
Molecular biology has enabled the identification of the mechanisms whereby inactive myostatin increases skeletal muscle growth in double-muscled (DM) animals. Myostatin is a secreted growth differentiation factor belonging to the transforming growth factor-β superfamily. Mutations make the myostatin gene inactive, resulting in muscle hypertrophy. The relationship between the different characteristics of DM cattle are defined with possible consequences for livestock husbandry. The extremely high carcass yield of DM animals coincides with a reduction in the size of most vital organs. As a consequence, DM animals may be more susceptible to respiratory disease, urolithiasis, lameness, nutritional stress, heat stress and dystocia, resulting in a lower robustness. Their feed intake capacity is reduced, necessitating a diet with a greater nutrient density. The modified myofiber type is responsible for a lower capillary density, and it induces a more glycolytic metabolism. There are associated changes for the living animal and post-mortem metabolism alterations, requiring appropriate slaughter conditions to maintain a high meat quality. Intramuscular fat content is low, and it is characterized by more unsaturated fatty acids, providing healthier meat for the consumer. It may not always be easy to find a balance between the different disciplines underlying the livestock husbandry of DM animals to realize a good performance and health and meat quality.
Answer:
In an interval of 5 minutes, ER has ribosomes attached to it which makes proteins synthesizing in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum incorporates proteins in the small transport vesicles.
These vesicles transport and fused to the Golgi bodies where proteins modified which can be seen in 15 minutes in the figure. Then modified proteins are transported from the cell cytosol with the help of secretory vesicle to the extracellular matrix and to the required organs.
The answers are;
The muscular contractions are wave-like
The muscular contractions are entirely involuntary
This action is called peristalsis.
It is powered by the expansion and contraction of the smooth muscles present in the esophagus. It is controlled by the sympathetic activity of the autonomic nervous system hence
the movements are involuntary.
The 3 types of muscle tissue are cardiac, smooth, and skeletal. Cardiac muscle cells are located in the walls of the heart, appear striated, and are under involuntary control.
