What behavior is observed if the voltage across a neuronal membrane is set to -20 mV? The voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels both remain closed. The sodium channel opens, and Na+ ions flow out.
The membrane begins to depolarize when an external stimulus is applied. The membrane voltage begins a rapid rise toward +30 mV. The membrane voltage starts to return to a negative value. Repolarization continues past the resting membrane voltage, resulting in hyperpolarization
Indicator species, organism—often a microorganism or a plant—that serves as a measure of the environmental conditions that exist in a given locale. ... For example, greasewood indicates saline soil; mosses often indicate acid soil. Tubifex worms indicate oxygen-poor and stagnant water unfit to drink.
