A role of nitric oxide (NO) in the increased sensitivity of the aging kidney to injury has been established.
<h3>What is drug toxicity ?</h3>
Drug toxicity is characterised as a wide range of negative effects brought on by the use of drugs at therapeutic or non-therapeutic dosages.
- The rate of cellular apoptosis in the kidney increases with age, resulting in fewer functional nephrons and a decrease in GFR and creatinine clearance ratio. This decrease in renal functional reserve makes the kidney more vulnerable to AKI.
- The mechanisms-based (on-target) toxicity, immunological hypersensitivity, off-target toxicity, and bioactivation/covalent modification are a few of the causes of drug toxicity that can be grouped in different ways.
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Answer:
The muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh are collectively known as the hip adductors. There are five muscles in this group; gracilis, obturator externus, adductor brevis, adductor longus and adductor magnus.The abductor muscle group is located on the lateral side of the thigh and moves the thigh away from the body's midline. These muscles include the piriformis, superior gemellus, inferior gemellus, tensor fasciae latae, sartorius, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus muscles.
Explanation:
Answer:
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The alteration in brain chemistry that counteracts the effects of a psychoactive substance is referred to as neuroadaptation
<h3>How does the brain function?</h3>
The brain is sometimes compared to an extremely complicated and detailed computer. Instead of the silicon chips that operate our modern gadgets, the brain is made up of billions of cells called neurons that are arranged into circuits and networks. Each neuron functions as a switch that regulates the flow of information. If a neuron gets enough messages from other neurons to which it is linked, it will fire, delivering its own signal to the rest of the neurons in the circuit.
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Answer: All of the above (I, II, III, IV)
Explanation:
The Insulin receptor is a large protein that binds to insulin and passes its message into the cell. When insulin binds to the receptor, it causes a change in shape that is propagated inside the cell, which results to MAPK activation, which regulates gene expression via Fos, Jun and Myc, PI3K activation leading to an increase in glucose transport, High affinity binding of SH2 domains to phosphorylated tyrosines and Autophosphorylation resulting in activation of tyrosine kinase.