In the citric acid cycle, the acetyl group of each molecule of acetyl-CoA is converted into two molecule of carbon dioxide and water. It is the pathway that connects carbohydrates ,fat and protein metabolism.
The cycle which carried out by eight enzymes that completely oxidase acetate by which two carbon molecules in the form of acetyl -CoA into two carbon dioxide and water molecules.6- carbon glucose molecule is split into two 3- carbon molecules called pyruvate , which needs in order to create acetyl CoA.
Citric acid cycle is also known as krebs cycle or TCA cycle it is the series of chemical reactions to release to releases stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA from carbohydrate, fats and protein.
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1. Lithosphere
2. Hydrosphere
3.atmosphere
4. Biosphere
The lithosphere/geosphere is made of the earth's core, the mantle, crust, ocean floor,mountains, sand, etc.The hydrosphere is made of everything water such as oceans, rivers, lakes, rain, and snow.The atmosphere is made of gasses such as oxygen, and hydrogen.Finally the biosphere is all that has life such as plants, animals, people, insects, etc.
It would be lithium and nickel due to the electrons
Chromosome duplications and deletions frequently result in abnormal phenotypes or inviable gametes. Gene dosage is modified is a major contributor to this phenomenon.
In the field of genetics, we can define gene dosage as the quantitative measure or copies of a particular gene that is present in an organism. Abnormalities in the gene dosage at a particular location can cause severe damage to the resulting phenotype.
Gene dosage can lead to chromosome duplications if the copy number or gene product is more and it can cause deletions if the copy number or gene product is less. Such complications will result in abnormal phenotypes or inviable gametes. For example, in Down's syndrome, the person has a modification of the 21st chromosome as there is one extra 21st chromosome present. This leads to a variety of diseases and defects in the person.
Although a part of your question is missing, you might be referring to this question:
Chromosome duplications and deletions frequently result in abnormal phenotypes or inviable gametes. Which factor is a major contributor to this phenomenon?
a. Recessive diseases are unmasked by additional copies.
b. The genes are found in a novel arrangement.
c. Gene dosage is modified.
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