The answer is D.
Hope this helps! :-)
Answer:
actual malice, because Joan is a limited-purpose public figure as she voluntarily thrust herself into a public controversy
Explanation:
In law, actual malice is simply a requirement that is imposed on a particular person who claims her image is being tarnished by someone when filing a lawsuit for slander or libel. This will be found in a case where the defendant actually publishes a false statement (libel) or communicates it (slander), knowing fully well that the information is false and disregard for what such information can cause. Joan is actually a limited-purpose figure and decided to go public by making efforts to get her voice out there in a quest to build more bike lanes.
