Answer:
<h2>5 minutes
</h2>
Explanation:
1. In bidirectional replication; there are two replication forks, and each proceeding at a rate of 100,000 (as given in the question) nucleotides per minute.
2. So, by the given rate of replication, we can calculate that, it would require 5 minutes for the circular DNA molecule to be replicated by bidirectional replication because each fork synthesize 500,000 nucleotides in 5 minutes ( 100,000 per minute) ( as given, in 5 minutes × 100,000 nucleotides per minute= 500,000 and by 2 forks= 1,000,000) within the time period.
Answer:
A. Each half of the chromosome is genetically identical.
It totally depends upon whether modification is being done in somatic cells or germ cells. Somatic cells modification is ethically accepted because it doesn't pass from one generation to another generation but germline modification is considered as unethical because the modification will pass on to the next generation leading to the persistence of modification in future generations. The problem with genetic modifications is that the impacts of modifications are unpredictable, rather than being fruitful they may lead to lethal mutations so if it occurs in just somatic cells, then even if it is lethal/harmful, it will be confined to only that individual but if a lethal mutation occurs in germ cells then it will pass on to the subsequent generations and it will persist in all future generations.
Answer:
Following Statements are true.
1. Cells receive molecular signals that communicate their position in relation to other cells.
3. Differential gene expression affects the developmental process in animals.
4. Positional information controls pattern formation.
6. Homeotic genes code for transcription factors that control the development of segment-specific body parts.
Explanation:
The formation of an eukaryotic organisms's spatial organization which includes organ formation and tissue arrangement is called as Pattern formation.
Molecular signals are received by cell. This phenomenon collectively refereed as positional information. Through this phenomenon cells are informed about their locomotion with respect to body axes and other cells. Regulation of pattern formation is controlled by Positional information.
When body axes is established a gene called homeotic gene start working as regulatory genes. This gene identify specific body segment in an organism which results in the formation of segment-specific body structures in the correct locations on the body.
Answer:
<u>Biofilms are</u> defined as complex communities of microorganisms that grow embedded in a self-produced polymeric organic matrix and adhered to a living or inert surface, and that can present a single microbial species or a range of different species
Explanation:
The bacteria that form the biofilm are in what is called sessile form, exhibiting a phenotype different from those of the same cells in unicellular or free form (planktonic form) with respect to the growth rate and gene transcription (Donlan, 2002 ).
<u>
The formation</u> of biofilms is an adaptive strategy of microorganisms, since growth in biofilm offers four important advantages: (I) protects microorganisms from the action of adverse agents, (II) increases the availability of nutrients for their growth, (III) facilitates the use of water, reducing the possibility of dehydration and (IV) enables the transfer of genetic material (DNA). All of these circumstances can increase your survival capabilities. As a consequence, <u>the usual methods of disinfection or the use of antibiotics are often ineffective against biofilm bacteria</u>.
In addition to the risk of contamination, the development of biofilms can interfere with different processes and cause damage to the equipment. In drinking water systems the formation of biofilms can obstruct the pipes reducing their speed and transport capacity causing an increase in energy consumption. The formation of biofilm in heat exchangers and cooling towers can reduce heat transfer and as a consequence its efficiency in the process. The formation of persistent biofilms on metal surfaces can cause corrosion due to acid production by bacteria.
