The first one: both mitochondria and chloroplsats have their own DNA.
Answer:Recall that the glycolytic pathway generates NADH in the cytosol in the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, and NAD+ must be regenerated for glycolysis to continue. How is cytosolic NADH reoxidized under aerobic conditions? NADH cannot simply pass into mitochondria for oxidation by the respiratory chain, because the inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to NADH and NAD+. The solution is that electrons from NADH, rather than NADH itself, are carried across the mitochondrial membrane. One of several means of introducing electrons from NADH into the electron transport chain is the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle (Figure 18.37). The first step in this shuttle is the transfer of a pair of electrons from NADH to dihydroxyacetone phosphate, a glycolytic intermediate, to form glycerol 3-phosphate.This reaction is catalyzed by a glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase in the cytosol. Glycerol 3-phosphate is reoxidized to dihydroxyacetone phosphate on the outer surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane by a membrane-bound isozyme of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. An electron pair from glycerol 3-phosphate is transferred to a FAD prosthetic group in this enzyme to form FADH2. This reaction also regenerates dihydroxyacetone phosphate.
Explanation:
Initially by meiosis and then by mitosis.
This question is confusing. What I can tell you though, is that mitosis is the process in which cells divide and cause the animal fetus to grow, but it is meiosis that ensures the animal can develop as a fetus initially. (The 4 resulting haploid cells form a sperm gamete and an egg gamete, and they come together to form a zygote, which eventually develops into a fetus)
a bee pollinates flowers to help it grow
Answer:
When a trait is recessive, an individual must have two copies of a recessive allele to express the trait.