Answer:
ATP synthase utilizes energy of the proton gradient to attach phosphate groups to ADP.
Explanation:
ATP synthase is an enzyme that requires some form of energy to form energy storing molecule ATP, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi). Because of that, ATP synthesis is coupled with cellular respiration and electrochemical gradient created by the difference in proton (H+) concentration across the mitochondrial membrane during the transport of electrons through the electron transport chain. In plants, proton gradient is formed in chloroplast, in the thylakoid lumen through the thylakoid membrane.
Answer:
Groundwater moves very slowly through the aquifers at a rate of only inches per day. Some contaminants that reach the groundwater break down slowly or not at all, and move slowly with the water. Therefore, groundwater may contain these contaminants for many years.
Explanation:
Answer:
The innate immunity in living organisms protects them from the pathogens they encounter daily.
Explanation:
Pathogens are organisms such as virus, fungi, bacteria, protozoa, worms that causes diseases to its host.
For example, Avian flu is a strain or variant of the Influenza virus which predominantly causes a disease in birds such as chickens. The virus responsible for the Avian flu can be passed from birds to humans; when anyone comes in contact with a bird that is carrying the virus i.e a sick bird with Avian flu.
Homeostasis can be defined as a process through which a living organism maintains a steady or stable physical, internal and chemical environment ideal to enhance life and proper functionality.
Also, immunization can be defined as the process of boosting an individual's immunity or immune system against antigens (immunogen) which cause diseases by the administration of vaccines.
Basically, immunization helps to improve the functions of the antibodies, B cells, T cells etc.
If a person becomes infected with a pathogen, such as a virus. The internal stimulus that mainly takes place in order for their body to maintain homeostasis is that their core temperature increases. This is because pathogens such as a virus do not thrive or survive in a hot environment; they're naturally allergic to high temperature (heat).
Answer: B. The release of calcium ions causes myosin and actin to attach to each other. This statement best describes a cause and it's effects that occur during the process of muscle contraction.
Muscle contraction can be explained by sliding filament theory.
1. Activation of muscles: the motor nerve generates an impulse to transfer signals from neurons to neuromuscular junction. This stimulates sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium into the muscle cells.
2.Contraction of muscles: calcium in the muscle cells binds with troponin causes actin and myosin to bind. Actin and myosin in the muscle binds and contract by utilizing ATP as a source of energy.
