The fact that people who watch a lot of violent TV are also more likely to be aggressive does not in itself proof a cause-effect relationship. That is, there is no evidence that one situation is a cause and the other one is a consequence (causation). It only proves that both characteristics are present together (correlation).
This could be a case of “spurious correlation,” which implies that two characteristics are often present together because there is a third factor that influences both of them.
For example, if we assume that this case refers to minors, it could be that minors who watch a lot of violent TV are neglected by their parents. Additionally, it could be that children who behave aggressively are also neglected by their parents. If that were the case, then being neglected would be a more likely predictor of violent behaviour, as opposed to watching violent TV.
In order to make sure there is a cause-effect relationship, we would need to perform an experiment where all other factors are controlled.
Financial status impacts marital stability in many different ways. If a married couple struggles with financial worries there would be be blaming, worrying and shame in the family that can lead to many arguments. The husband or the wife may feel they are not doing enough to provide and to protect their families and may feel anxious as a result. If the main concern of a family is its financial survival, many other necessities may get neglected because of lack of money. The couple may feel tense and the tension may even contribute to the break up of the marriage.
Other factors associated with a couple's financial status are: health, education, recreational activities. The better the couple's financial status, the more healthier the family is, the better the education they can afford for their children and the better the cultural and social activities they can participate in.
The answer is: c. classical conditioning
In a classical conditioning, a certain behavior is learned by associating a certain stimulus with either positive or negative response.
For examples, let's say that every time the pets heard the sound electric can opener, the pets would immediately receive their food from their owners.
In the long run, the pets would associate the sound of the electric opener with the positive reward (in the form of food). This make the pets become most likely to experience biological response (such as watering mouth) every time they hear the electric opener.
Spain, Portugal, Ireland, Iceland. Those are the only ones I can think of
