Studies that use the symbolic interactionist perspective are more likely to use qualitative research methods, such as in-depth interviews or participant observation, because they seek to understand the symbolic worlds in which research subjects live.
Answer:
<u>b. learning occurs independently of reinforcement</u>
Explanation:
Edward C. Tolman was one of the famous American psychologists who was best known for his research on 'cognitive maps', latent learning theory, cognitive behaviorism, and intervening variable.
According to Tolman, an individual has the capability of doing more than merely responding to certain stimuli, instead, he or she acts on attitudes, beliefs, strive towards specific goals, and a few changing conditions. He was considered as the only behaviorists who don't accept the "stimulus-response theory", as he believed that reinforcement wasn't required for learning.
In the question above, the correct answer is option-b.
Answer: Wendy's schema of how a typical beach looks includes shells
Explanation: The psychological concept of a scheme implies that a particular image of something according to the scheme should look a certain way. This actually means that the brain connects a certain knowledge or experience to a particular event or object, subject, etc. Based on a certain knowledge or experience, one approaches a meaningful, known scheme, leading to known actions. So Wendy draws a picture of a beach with shells based on her beach experience or some previous beach image and approaches drawing with an understanding of the beach she already has.