The Enlightenment is the period in the history of western thought and culture that characterized by dramatic revolutions in society, politics, science and philosophy. For many Americans, the main appeal of the Enlightenment was its focus on searching for useful and practical knowledge but what’s best summarizes the basic philosophy of the Enlightenment is that the reason could help humans achieve perfections in this world.
They're most likely referring to urban sprawl, which is usually associated with rapid, less thoughtfully planned development.
It's usually thought of in a negative light, because the neighborhoods that develop lack the amenities, infrastructure, and/or identity of traditional neighborhoods. And because they're on the edges of cities, everyone usually relies on cars, which leads to traffic jams, pollution, and a lack of sense of community.
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The League of Nations was established at the end of World War I as an international peacekeeping organization. Although US President Woodrow Wilson was an enthusiastic proponent of the League, the United States did not officially join the League of Nations due to opposition from isolationists in Congress.
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