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Medieval European cities usually grew along trade routes.
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Many people who immigrated to the United States during the Gilded Age moved to urban city areas, since this was where a large majority of available jobs were.
The fall of the Roman Empire marked the beginning of the (B) Dark Ages. During this time, there was turmoil. There religious aspects were in turmoil. Everyone thought every denomination was wrong and evil and out to get each other and corruption rang high. It was also the beginning of the "true" enlightenment. People were learning about their faith.
In western europe and north america, scientists began to understand the causes of infectious diseases at about what point in history?1850