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An ideal that Woodrow Wilson included in his 14 points was that people should be able to choose their own governments.
First: a successor for Muhammad had to be chosen, because none of his sons survived to adulthood, so a hereditary succession was not in question.
A successor to Muhammad (or generally a religious and political leader) is called caliph. The first caliph was chosen by recommendation from many of Muhammad comrades, most notably by Umar (who was a caliph later), and it was Abu Bakr.
The choice was disputed and some believed it should be Ali should be the rightful successor.
In general, the successor was chosen by recommendation from others and choice among the leading figures.
The country was Spain
Its activities were mainly limited to America.
Spain became a potent power in Europe following the unification of Aragon and Castile. The unification forms the birth of the Spanish empire and the modern Spain. Imperialism begun with Christopher Columbia arriving at the Caribbean island. During its prime, it was said that the sun never sets.