During the first industrial revolution, the affected nations moved from a rural economy, based on agriculture and trade, to an urban, industrialized, mechanized, simplified and, thus, overcrowded economy. In 1800 it was possible to have a sustained growth of wealth that allowed the transition to a wide use of innovative machines, especially in transport and work, abandoning animal traction and production based on manual labor.
During the second industrial revolution The exponential development of railways, while structuring a new model of international trade based on the specialized production of each country and the exchange of materials from standardized prices, also enabled huge migratory movements, like boiler boats that even transported large masses of people on intercontinental trips, as was the case of the 55 million Europeans who migrated to North America between 1850 and 1940.
The cause of the great migrations during the second industrial revolution was, mainly, the tremendous demographic growth that there was in Europe during the eighteenth century, which in turn had different causes.
Religion was less practiced, and humanism was formed. It formed into a more secular culture. This means that people were more focused on worldy things than God or religion.
Answer:
In December, 1777, General George Washington moved the Continental Army to their winter quarters at Valley Forge. By the time the army marched into Valley Forge on December 19, they were suffering not only from cold, hunger, and fatigue, but from low morale in the wake of the disastrous Philadelphia Campaign.
Geographical Spread. Islam spread from the Middle East to take hold across North Africa during the second half of the 7th century CE when the Umayyad Caliphate (661-750 CE) of Damascus conquered that area by military force
Roosevelt was indicating that he wanted to protect American workers (with unemployment insurance), but was not encouraging that persons receive government handouts as a perpetual way of life ("the dole").
The expression, "being on the dole," came into use in Britain after World War I, as slang for receiving unemployment benefits, or money being "doled out" by the government. Frances Perkins, who became Secretary of Labor for the Roosevelt Administration, recalled how Roosevelt had included that line already in a speech as a candidate for the presidency in 1932. She noted that Roosevelt's words were subtly attractive to voters. When he said, "I am for unemployment insurance but not for the dole," it signaled a commitment of his candidacy toward helping the unemployed. "It created a great interest and a great enthusiasm among the voters," she said, and they worked to get such ideas into the Democratic Party's national platform.
Incidentally, Frances Perkins was the first woman to serve in a cabinet position for the US government.
