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Sergio [31]
2 years ago
12

Why does frozen water take on the pattern it does (hint: it has to do with water’s polarity)?

Biology
1 answer:
damaskus [11]2 years ago
4 0

When ice forms, one water molecule's hydrogen atoms form weak hydrogen bonds with the tops of the oxygen atoms of two other water molecules. Lining up the water molecules in this pattern takes up more space than randomly arranging them.

<h3>What is polarity?</h3>

A physical property of compounds that connects other physical properties like melting and boiling points, solubility, and intermolecular interactions between molecules is referred to as polarity.

When ice forms, one water molecule's hydrogen atoms form weak hydrogen bonds with the tops of the oxygen atoms of two other water molecules.

Lining up the water molecules in this pattern takes up more space than randomly arranging them.

When water freezes, the water molecules slow down enough that their attractions arrange them into fixed positions. Water molecules freeze in a hexagonal pattern, with molecules further apart than when the water was liquid.

Thus, because of this frozen water take on the pattern it does.

For more details regarding polarity, visit:

brainly.com/question/2615067

#SPJ1

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Explain how the following factors support the mechanisms of evolution: a. b. Gene Flow
vladimir1956 [14]
1.- Natural Selection

Natural Selection leads to an evolutionary change when some individuals with certain traits in a population have a higher survival and reproductive rate than others and pass on these inheritable genetic features to their offspring. Evolution acts through natural selection whereby reproductive and genetic qualities that prove advantageous to survival prevail into future generations. The cumulative effects of natural selection process have giving rise to populations that have evolved to succeed in specific environments. Natural selection operates by differential reproductive success (fitness) of individuals.

The Darwin’s Finches diagramillustrates the way the finch has adapted to take advantage of feeding in different ecological niches:

2.- Genetic Drift

Random Drift consists of random fluctuations in the frequency of appearance of a gene, usually, in a small population. The process may cause gene variants to disappear completely, thereby reducing genetic variability. In contrast to natural selection, environmental or adaptive pressures do not drive changes due to genetic drift. The effect of genetic drift is larger in small populations and smaller in large populations.

Genetic drift is a stochastic process, a random event that happens by chance in nature that influences or changes allele frequency within a population as a result of sampling error from generation to generation. It may happen that some alleles are completely lost within a generation due to genetic drift, even if they are beneficial traits that conduct to evolutionary and reproductive success. Allele is defined as any one of two or more genes that may occur alternatively at a given site (locus) on a chromosome. Alleles are responsible for variations in a trait.

The population bottleneck and a founder effect are two examples of random drift that can have significant effects in small populations. Genetic drift works on all mutations and can eventually contribute to the creation of a new species by means of the accumulation of non-adaptive mutations that can facilitate population subdivision.

In population genetics, Gene Flow(also known as gene migration) refers to the transfer of genes from the gene pool of one population to another. Gene flow may change the frequency and/or the range of alleles in the populations due to the migration of individuals or gametes that can reproduce in a different population. The introduction of new alleles increases variability within a population and allows for new combinations of traits. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) also known as lateral gene transfer (LGT), is a process in which an organism (recipient) acquires genetic material from another one (donor) by asexual means. It is already known that HGT has played a major role in the evolution of many organisms like bacteria. In plant populations, the great majority of cases linked to this mechanism have to do with the movement of DNA between mitochondrial genomes. Horizontal gene transfer is a widespread phenomenon in prokaryotes, but the prevalence and implications of this mechanism in the evolution of multicellular eukaryotes is still unclear. Nevertheless, many investigations on HGT in plants have been carried out during the last years trying to reveal the underlying patterns, magnitude and importance of this mechanism in plant populations as well as its influence on agriculture and the ecosystem.

Plant populations can experience gene flow by spreading their pollen long distances away to other populations by means of wind or through birds or insects (bees, for example) and once there, this pollen is able to fertilize the plants where it ended up. Pollen is a fine to coarse powder containing the microgametophytes of seed plants, which produce the male gametes (comparable to sperm cells). Of course, pollination does not always lead to fertilization.

Maintained gene flow also acts against speciation by recombining the gene pools of different populations and in such a way, repairing the developing differences in genetic variation.Thus, gene flow has the effect of minimizing the genetic differences between populations.

Human migrations have occurred throughout the history of mankind and are defined as the movement of people from one place to another. However, in a genetic context, this movement needs to be associated with the introduction of new alleles into a population through successful mating of individuals from different populations.






7 0
3 years ago
9. A gene has the base sequence that starts with CGT ACG GCT AC. a) What would be the mRNA base sequence formed during transcrip
VikaD [51]

A) GCU AGC CGU

B) Ala/A, Ser/S, Arg/R

hope this helps

7 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
What genotype of parent will have only black fur off spring?
goblinko [34]

Answer:

BB or Bb

Explanation:

Black fur is dominant so it has to have at least one B allele.

8 0
2 years ago
Genetic engineering can be used to disrupt specific genes in the genome of an organism. Predict how the browning of apple slices
adell [148]

Answer: Fruit will not brown. Browning requires a functional enzyme.

Explanation:

Genetic engineering refers to the manipulation of an organism's genes. Scientists use a variety of molecular tools and techniques to cut up and join genetic material from different species and to introduce this new hybrid DNA into another organisms. <u>The overall goal is to add or remove an organism's genetic makeup for the better, or to transfer DNA code from one species into the other, in order to form new combinations or heritable genetic material.</u>

Enzymatic browning is a reaction that occurs in fruits which results in negative effects on characteristics such as taste, color, and nutritional value. This reaction is a caused by phenolic compounds' oxidation by an enzyme called polyphenol oxidase, which causes the generation of dark pigments. This is often seen in apples which are rich in this enzymes and susceptible to this enzymatic browning.

If through genetic engineering, the gene encoding the enzyme responsible for the apple browing is removed, then this enzyme cannot be produced by the apple. Consequently, apples will not brown<u>,</u> because there will not be a polyphenol oxidase that oxidates the phenolic compounds.

4 0
3 years ago
How many species go extinct in an average day?
raketka [301]
 <span>150-200 species of plant, insect, bird and mammal become extinct every 24 hours., according to the Scientist Estimate. </span>
8 0
3 years ago
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