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Vesnalui [34]
2 years ago
7

This nerve influences nearly every internal organ. Can it improve our mental state, too?.

Biology
1 answer:
blsea [12.9K]2 years ago
3 0
Yes, stimulating it with electrodes can potentially help improve mood and alleviate symptoms in those who suffer from treatment-resistant depression, among other ailments.
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During the process of digestion, large food molecules are broken down into small components that can be absorbed into cells that
Alona [7]

1. During the process of digestion, large food molecules are broken down into small components that can be absorbed into cells that form the lining of the small intestine.  Digestion begins in mouth, where large food molecules are broken down mechanically (teeth) and then enzymatically (saliva). Proteases, lipases, amylases, maltases are enzymes that  catalyse the breakdown of macromelocules into the basic molecule units (such as aminoacids, fatty acids glucose) so that they can be absorbed.

2. Circular folds, villi, and microvilli--tiny projections from the surfaces of cells--increase the surface area for absorption.  Those structures can increase the surface area even 30 times. The microvilli also secrete the enzymes which help in the process of breakage. Motor proteins in the microvilli makes them move and this also helps in the process of absorption.

3. After moving into cells of the intestinal lining, fatty acids and glycerol are recombined into fats, coated with proteins, and transported into lymph vessels, which eventually empty into large veins.  These lymphatic vessels are called lacteals. Fatty acids are transported from the intestinal lumen to the enterocyte where they are packed into chylomicrons (combined with proteins). The chylomicrons pass into the lacteals in the form of chyle and finally transported to the bloodstream.

4. Sugars and amino acids pass from the intestinal epithelium and into blood capillaries.  This is a two-stage process:

•  from the lumen into intestinal epithelial cells via membrane transporters (Na-symporters)

• from the cells into the blood (capillaries)

This is possible because epithelial cells of the intestine are polarized, meaning that apical and basolateral ends are different (contain different transporters).

5. The nutrient-laden blood from the intestines is carried in hepatic portal vein the to the liver.  There is a whole system involved in the transport of  blood from parts of the gastrointestinal tract to the liver and it is called the portal venous system. The hepatic portal vein is a blood vessel part of that system that carries blood rich in nutrients extracted from digested contents.

6. The liver removes excess glucose from the blood and stores it as glycogen.  There are a few roles of the liver that are involved in the carbohydrate metabolism. The major is the production of glycogen from glucose via glycogenesis. There is also the opposite process, when the organism needs glucose, so it is released from the glycogen via the process glycogenolysis.

7. The liver also converts nutrients to other essential substances, such as plasma proteins, cholesterol, and fats. The liver is responsible for many synthesis processes (anabolic processes) such as synthesis of proteins (aminoacids), clotting factors, cholesterol, lypoproteins. It is involved in lipid metabolism: lipogenesis, and the production of triglycerides. One of the most important proteins synthesized in the liver are thrombopoietin which regulates the production of platelets by the bone marrow and insulin-like growth factor 1 which  plays an important role in childhood growth.


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3 years ago
A molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA) has just been synthesized in the nucleus of a human cell.
Murljashka [212]

The mRNA will attach to the small ribosomal unit and then the large ribosomal unit. Then the mRNA will be decoded with its codon's tRNA. ... The tRNA will come in at the A site and a peptide bond will form between amino acids at the A and P sites.

6 0
2 years ago
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Which of the following best describes an aspect of a membrane's molecular structure that causes it to be selectively permeable?
atroni [7]

Answer:

<u>d. Transport proteins within the membrane serve as a tunnel for molecules to enter the cell. </u>

<u />

Explanation:

Solutes are typically moved across the cell through either passive or active transport. The cells, surrounded by a bilipid layer or plasma membrane is amphiphlic- its polar, hydrophilic lipid heads face outwards, while their non-polar hydrophobic lipid tails face inwards towards each other.

While lipid-soluble molecules move across the layer easily, it is also difficult for charged and also large molecules to move across its surface, into the cell. Transmembrane channels, <u>embedded within the membrane</u>, help to maintain selective permeability as transport proteins, pores and gated channels. Simple diffusion happens as a method of passive transport in cells through plasma membranes.

The solutes travel through the plasma membrane in the process of diffusion from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration; this occurs without the use of energy. <u>Molecules moving against their concentration require active transport mechanism to cross the membrane</u>.

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