By tar, I think you mean nicotine. (I Hope). It affects the nerve signals that regulate breathing.
The giant axon of a squid, shows that hyperpolarizing stimulus is followed by transient inward capacitive current and lasting outward capacitive current.
Hyperpolarization is a change in a cell's membrane potential that makes it more negative. It is the opposite of a depolarization. It inhibits action potentials by increasing the stimulus required to move the membrane potential to the action potential threshold.
Hyperpolarization can be caused, for instance, by opening channels that allow positive ions to move out of the cell (or negative ions to move in).
The hyperpolarization-activated current is an inward current activated by hyperpolarization from the resting potential and is an important modulator of action potential firing frequency in many excitable cells.
To learn more about hyperpolarization here
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Answer:
answer: D: none of the above
Explanation:
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Answer:
It transports food to all the parts of the plant both upwards and downwards is the correct answer.
Explanation:
Phloem is tissue present in plants that transport the food prepare in the leaves to other parts of the plant.
Phloem has various types of specialized cells such as parenchyma cells, sieve elements, sclerenchyma, and companion cells.
Phloem transfers the food from source(leaves)to sink(to the other parts of the plant's cells), and in the spring process get reversed as the food stored in the sink move towards the developing buds through the phloem that's the reason phloem transports food to all the parts of the plant both upwards and downwards and movement of food is bidirectional.
