Horizontal translation of the graph of a function is accomplished by replacing x with (x-h) for translation h units to the right. Vertical translation of the graph is accomplished by adding the amount of translation to the function value: f(x)+k translates the graph k units upward.
Reflection of a function over the x-axis is accomplished by changing the sign of every function value: -f(x).
<h3>Application</h3>
We observe that f(x) has been transformed by ...
multiplying by -1 to get -f(x)
replacing x with (x -2) to get -f(x -2)
adding -3 to the function value to get -f(x -2) -3
The effect of these transformations is (correspondingly) ...
reflection over the x-axis
translate right 2 units
translate down 3 units
__
The attached graph shows a function f(x) (red) and the transformed function (blue).