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Mitosis is the phase of the cell cycle where the nucleus of a cell is divided into two nuclei with an equal amount of genetic material in both the daughter nuclei. It succeeds the G2 phase and is succeeded by cytoplasmic division after the separation of the nucleus.
The building blocks of protein are C. AMINO ACIDS.
Amino acids are made up of a center carbon atom bound positively to a charged amino group and a negatively charged carboxyl group and a side chain.
The primary structure of a protein is the sequence of an amino acids that are attached together by a peptide bond
The secondary structure of a protein, the polypeptide is folded through the mechanisms of amino acids rotating around bonds folding into a helix or a pleated sheet structure and stabilized by a hydrogen bond.
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In order to be useful in treating human infections, antibiotics must selectively target bacteria for eradication and not the cells of its human host. Indeed, modern antibiotics act either on processes that are unique to bacteria--such as the synthesis of cell walls or folic acid--or on bacterium-specific targets within processes that are common to both bacterium and human cells, including protein or DNA replication. Following are some examples.
Most bacteria produce a cell wall that is composed partly of a macromolecule called peptidoglycan, itself made up of amino sugars and short peptides. Human cells do not make or need peptidoglycan. Penicillin, one of the first antibiotics to be used widely, prevents the final cross-linking step, or transpeptidation, in assembly of this macromolecule. The result is a very fragile cell wall that bursts, killing the bacterium. No harm comes to the human host because penicillin does not inhibit any biochemical process that goes on within us.
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