When solar radiation strikes Earth at lower angles, it is more dispersed and less intense, while when it strikes Earth at higher angles, it is more concentrated and intense.
When the Sun's rays hit Earth at greater angles, their courses are shorter; when they hit Earth at lower angles, their paths are longer. The amount of solar radiation reaching Earth's surface is lessened by these longer pathways.
The irradiance incident on an absorbing surface has the largest power density when the Sun's beams are perpendicular to that surface. The intensity of light on the surface decreases as the angle between the sun and the absorbing surface varies.
The intensity of light decreases to zero when the surface is parallel to the sun's beams (making the angle from perpendicular to the surface 90°). This is because the surface is not hit by the light.
The angle between the Sun's beams and the direct normal (or perpendicular) to the surface is, and the relative power density at intermediate angles is cos(), where is the angle.
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