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Sveta_85 [38]
3 years ago
7

The process of genetic engineering may include either four or five steps. The diagram represents the five-step process.

Biology
2 answers:
Firlakuza [10]3 years ago
6 0
The Answer Is A.


I hope that helps.
taurus [48]3 years ago
4 0

Ans. Option (a).

Genetic engineering involves intentional modification of the characteristics of a target organism by the manipulation of its DNA or genetic material.

It includes five steps: isolation of target gene; formation of recombinant DNA molecule by joining target gene and vector molecule; insertion of recombinant DNA (vector and target DNA) to host cell; production of many copies of recombinant DNA molecule in host cell; separation and purification of target gene product from host body.  

Hence, according to given diagram, step 2 describes cutting of target DNA and vector molecule to get desired fragments, which are then ligated with the ligase enzyme to make a recombinant DNA.

Thus, the correct answer is option (a).

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DNA Polymerase helps copy a DNA molecule during the process of what?
PtichkaEL [24]
The DNA polymerases are enzymes that create DNA molecules by assembling nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA. These enzymes are essential to DNA replication and usually work in pairs to create two identical DNA strands from one original DNA molecule. During this process, DNA polymerase “reads” the existing DNA strands to create two new strands that match the existing ones.

Every time a cell divides, DNA polymerase is required to help duplicate the cell’s DNA, so that a copy of the original DNA molecule can be passed to each of the daughter cells. In this way, genetic information is transmitted from generation to generation.

Before replication can take place, an enzyme called helicase unwinds the DNA molecule from its tightly woven form. This opens up or “unzips” the double stranded DNA to give two single strands of DNA that can be used as templates for replication.

DNA polymerase adds new free nucleotides to the 3’ end of the newly-forming strand, elongating it in a 5’ to 3’ direction. However, DNA polymerase cannot begin the formation of this new chain on its own and can only add nucleotides to a pre-existing 3'-OH group. A primer is therefore needed, at which nucleotides can be added. Primers are usually composed of RNA and DNA bases and the first two bases are always RNA. These primers are made by another enzyme called primase.

Although the function of DNA polymerase is highly accurate, a mistake is made for about one in every billion base pairs copied. The DNA is therefore “proofread” by DNA polymerase after it has been copied so that misplaced base pairs can be corrected. This preserves the integrity of the original DNA strand that is passed onto the daughter cells.



A surface representation of human DNA polymerase β (Pol β), a central enzyme in the base excision repair (BER) pathway. Image Credit: niehs.nih.gov

Structure of DNA polymerase

The structure of DNA polymerase is highly conserved, meaning their catalytic subunits vary very little from one species to another, irrespective of how their domains are structured. This highly conserved structure usually indicates that the cellular functions they perform are crucial and irreplaceable and therefore require rigid maintenance to ensure their evolutionary advantage.

7 0
3 years ago
If the membrane potential at the axon hillock becomes subthreshold an action potential will be fired.
kotegsom [21]
True bc it’s True !!!!
8 0
3 years ago
The breakdown of food via enzymatic reactions is known as __________.
r-ruslan [8.4K]
I believe you're looking for "chemical digestion".

Chemical digestions is where food that we ate is digested into simpler and soluble molecules that can be absorbed by our body. Enzymes are used as a catalyst to speed up the reaction.

One example is the digestion of lipids. Enzyme named lipase is used to speed up the digestion of lipids into 3 fatty acid molecules and 1 glycerol. This way, our body can absorb these simple molecules, and use them in order to make our body function.

On the other hand, physical digestion does not include enzymes, such as chewing in our mouth, therefore, don't mix them up!
4 0
3 years ago
The distance, measured in degrees, north and south of the equator is referred to as _____.
Vlad [161]

Answer;

-Latitude

Explanation;

-The distance, measured in degrees, north and south of the equator is referred to as latitude.

-Latitude is the measurement of distance north or south of the Equator. It is measured with 180 imaginary lines that form circles around the Earth east-west, parallel to the Equator. These lines are known as parallels. A circle of latitude is an imaginary ring linking all points sharing a parallel.

-The Equator is the line of 0 degrees latitude. Each parallel measures one degree north or south of the Equator, with 90 degrees north of the Equator and 90 degrees south of the Equator.

8 0
3 years ago
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To solve a problem using the equation for Kepler’s third law, Enrico must convert the average distance of Mars from the Sun from
vovikov84 [41]

Answer:Enrico must multiply the distance of mars from sun (meters) with the 6.6844\times 10^{-12} to convert the distance in astronomical units.

Explanation:

1 astronomical unit  = 1.496\times 10^{11} m

1m=\frac{1}{1.496\times 10^{11} } AU=6.6844\times 10^{-12} AU

Let the distance between the sun and Mars be Y( meters)

Distance in AU= Y\times 6.6844\times 10^{-12} AU

Enrico must multiply the distance of mars from sun (meters) with the 6.6844\times 10^{-12} to convert the distance in astronomical units.

3 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
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