It has been challenging to develop methods for outer-membrane(OM) isolation from <em>Leptospira</em> species and other spirochetes due to their distinctive design and a lack of sensitive cytoplasmic membrane indicators.
Spirochetes have an OM and a cytoplasmic membrane, which are divided by a periplasmic space, just like enteric gram-negative bacteria.The leptospiral OM contains a significant amount of LPS, and the leptospiral surface is dominated by its polysaccharides.
LipL32, LipL36, and LipL41 are three lipoproteins from the leptospiral OM.
Since LipL32 is an immunodominant antigen during human leptospirosis, it is recognized to be the most prominent protein in the leptospiral protein profile. OmpL1 and LipL41 together offer synergistic immunoprotection. LipL41 is a surface-exposed lipoprotein.
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