Creating a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane in higher plants uses cyclic electron flow (CEF), which primarily serves two purposes: (1) producing ATP and balancing the ATP/NADPH energy budget; and (2) defending photosystems I and II from photoinhibition.
ATP and NADPH are produced by noncyclic electron transport. The single product of cyclic electron transport was ATP. Both steps are required by a plant to produce the required amount of ATP for the Calvin Cycle. The electrons are released by photosystem I and then brought back into the system during cyclic photophosphorylation. However, in non-cyclic photophosphorylation, the electrons that the photosystems emit do not come back.
learn more about photosystems here;
brainly.com/question/13034934
#SPJ4
Answer:
D) address issues of pollution
Explanation:
Kyoto Accords is an international treaty that extended from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1992. Scientific research has shown result that a continuous increase in CO2 emission will be dangerous to our planet future. So the tenets trying to make a rule that will limit the pollution.
