There is confusion over the definition of the term “viability state(s)” of microorganisms. “Viability staining” or “vital staining techniques” are used to distinguish live from dead bacteria. These stainings, first established on planctonic bacteria, may have serious shortcomings when applied to multispecies biofilms. Results of staining techniques should be compared with appropriate microbiological data.
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Answer:
The smokers are suffered from the respiratory tract infections as, the effects of the tobacco damaged our respiratory part of the system. As, the smoking permanent damaged the air sacs part which are present in our lungs and it also affected the lungs elasticity while breathing. And it also tend to damage the larynx and the windpipe system and caused swelling in that part which basically caused breathing issue.
Answer:
The correct answer is to ADP and Pi is the most common mechanism for transferring free energy to drive endergonic reactions.
Explanation:
Many endergonic reactions(the free energy change of these reactions are highly positive) proceed in a thermodynamically unfavorable manner.
To make those reactions thermodynamically favorable,these reactions are coupled with hydrolysis of high energy compound such as hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and Pi.
As a result the free energy change of those reactions becomes negative which allow those reactions to proceed in a thermodynamically favorable manner.
In this case, considering the spinal cord is completely disrupted, the organization of the white and gray matter would be a mess the central gray matter proportion would have leaks of CSF which contains nutrition and other function for neurons making the surrounding bone area prone degradation so it is likely that any function linked to the fibers below T12 are absent other than that severed white fiber would be all over the place
Brian : Information being sent throughout the body.
Spinal cord: Sends sensory messages.
PNS: connects to the central nervous system