Answer:
The simultaneous effect of a predator population on a prey population and a prey population on a predator population over time.
Explanation:
The mathematical models of Lotka-Volterra equations explain the existing interaction between species in which prey and predator influence and affect each other. The model follows a few assumptions,
- The ecosystem is isolated and closed. There is no migration.
- The whole individuals are reproductively equivalent.
- In the absence of the predator, prey shows an exponential growth rate. The prey is in the ideal environment.
- When there is no prey, the predator population decreases exponentially because of the lack of food. The predator environment is ideal, but it is limited by prey density.
- The predation rate is proportional to the encounters rate, which also depends on density.
- The predators affect the prey populations, inducing its decrease proportionally to the number of prey and predators present.
- The prey population also influences the predator population proportionally to the number of encounters between the two species.
In these equations, the variable D is the number of predators, and P the number of prey items.
The parameters are always constant:
• r1: prey growth rate.
• a1: predator hunting success.
• r2: predator growth rate.
• a2: the success of the predator in hunting and feeding.
In nature, many factors affect interactions, such as dense-dependent factors and dense-independent factors. Also, in reality, there are stochastic factors. Stochasticity refers to the variability in the system involving those factors that are affecting or influencing population growth. Stochasticity might be related to good years and bad years for population growth.
In real situations, the compliance of the whole assumption does not occur. The previously mentioned constants might vary, constantly changing the interaction between the predator and the prey. These parameters change in different degrees, resulting in varying circumstances for both species.
Answer:
Independent variable - vitamin gro and exercise routine.
Dependent variable - growth of children or nieces.
Explanation:
There are two variables present in an experiment called dependent and independent variables.
Independent variables are those variables which can be controlled in an experiment and dependent variables are those variables which are measured in the experiment under the influence of the independent variable.
In the given experiment, the independent variable will be vitamin gro and exercise routine and the dependent variable is the growth of children or nieces because vitamin gro and exercise routine can be controlled and growth of children is dependent on vitamin gro and exercise routine.
<h3><u>Answer</u>;</h3>
Photoreception
<h3><u>Explanation</u>;</h3>
- <em><u>Photoreception is a type of reception of light detection that lead to vision and depends on specialized light-sensitive cells called photoreceptors, which are located in the eye.</u></em>
- Photoreceptors are the cells in the retina that respond to light. There are 2 types of photoreceptors in the retina namely; rods and cones. The rods photoreceptors detect light and are located in the retina. Cone are photoreceptors that are located in the retina and detect color.
