Answer:
by testcrossing with a homozygous recessive partner
Explanation:
<u>If a pet cockroach exists whose zygosity is unknown, this can be determined by a test cross. A test cross involves crossing an organisms whose zygosity is unknown with a partner that is homozygous recessive for the same trait.</u>
Let us assume that brown body is represented by the allele B, the dominant allele. The homozygous recessive version would be bb.
The genotype of a brown cockroach whose zygosity is not known can be denoted as B_, where '_' can be a 'B' or a 'b'.
When B_ is crossed with bb:
B_ x bb
Progeny
2 Bb
2 _b
The phenotype of Bb would be brown (since B is dominant over b) while the phenotype of _b would depend on the zygosity level of the cockroach.
If the unknown genotype is BB, then _b becomes Bb and the phenotype will be a brown body. This means that all the progeny will appear brown. (<em>see the first attached image for the Punnet's square</em>)
In other word, if the unknown genotype is bb, then _b becomes bb and the phenotype will be a alternate color (non-brown) body. This means that 50% of the progeny will appear brown while the remaining 50% will be in the alternate color. (<em>attached</em>
Most genes contain the information needed to make functional molecules called proteins. (A few genes produce other molecules that help the cell assemble proteins.) The journey from gene to protein is complex and tightly controlled within each cell. It consists of two major steps: transcription and translation. Together, transcription and translation are known as gene expression.
During the process of transcription, the information stored in a gene's DNA is transferred to a similar molecule called RNA (ribonucleic acid) in the cell nucleus. Both RNA and DNA are made up of a chain of nucleotide bases, but they have slightly different chemical properties. The type of RNA that contains the information for making a protein is called messenger RNA (mRNA) because it carries the information, or message, from the DNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
Translation, the second step in getting from a gene to a protein, takes place in the cytoplasm. The mRNA interacts with a specialized complex called a ribosome, which "reads" the sequence of mRNA bases. Each sequence of three bases, called a codon, usually codes for one particular amino acid. (Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.) A type of RNA called transfer RNA (tRNA) assembles the protein, one amino acid at a time. Protein assembly continues until the ribosome encounters a “stop” codon (a sequence of three bases that does not code for an amino acid).
The flow of information from DNA to RNA to proteins is one of the fundamental principles of molecular biology. It is so important that it is sometimes called the “central dogma.”
Through the processes of transcription and translation, information from genes is used to make proteins.
Answer:
Lymphatic vessels are part of the lymphatic system.
Explanation:
They are similar to blood vessels that are found in the cardiovascular system, but they carry lymph instead of blood.
