BIOREMEDIATION is the process that uses microorganisms to change hazardous industrial products (also known as xenobiotics) into less harmful or non-toxic ones. It involves bacteria breaking down these toxic substances. Additionally, bioremediation involves bio stimulation and bioaugmentation (the addition of active bacteria to speed up the current breakdown process) (providing nutrients to existing microbial population to increase their growth rate there by increasing rate of degradation)
Important details to remember are.
No Xenobiotics will be created during bioremediation (it is the process of degrading xenobiotics using microbes)
Pathogen eradication is not the aim of bioremediation (goal of bioremediation is to degrade xenobiotics using microbes)
Therefore, the first four alternatives in the list are incorrect. The right answer is the fifth selection.
2. Clostridium botulinum is a gram positive, obligately anaerobic bacterium found in soil, rivers, etc. that does not require oxygen to survive. It is a spore-forming bacterium, and when these spores germinate, a toxin is produced. In rare cases, these bacteria or their spores are found in inadequately packed canned foods. When these spores are exposed to anaerobic conditions, they germinate and release the botulinum toxin.
A bacterium produces the toxin, which is an exotoxin, and releases it outside of the bacterial cell (endotoxin- lipopolysaccharide and protein complexes which are part of structural components of cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and released)
Exotoxins are sensitive to or heat labile. In other words, exotoxin breaks down when heated or boiled. So, heating canned food can destroy the botulinum toxin. Endotoxins may withstand high temperatures.
stable. Endotoxins cannot be broken down by heat.
So last choice is the right one which indicates botulinum toxin is an exotoxin and heat sensitive.
4. Food tainted with Clostridium botulinum frequently seems unexceptional. It won't taste, smell, or have any undesirable colors.
The first choice is the best response, thus.
5. Listeria monocytogenes is the cause of the food-borne illness listeriosis. Pregnant women and those with compromised immune systems are the major groups at risk for this disease, which has no symptoms in healthy people. This illness's symptom is meningitis.
The last choice is the best response to the question.
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