Term used for a situation in which paired-choice voting by majority rule fails to produce a consistent ranking of society's preferences for public goods is the paradox of voting.
The paradox of voting, also known as Downs' paradox, states that the costs of voting usually outweigh the expected benefits for a rational, self-interested voter. Because the likelihood of exercising the pivotal vote is negligible in comparison to any reasonable estimate of the private individual benefits of the various possible outcomes, the expected benefits of voting outweigh the costs.
Responses to the paradox of voting have included the belief that voters vote to express their preference for a candidate rather than to influence the outcome of the election, that voters exercise some altruism, or that the paradox ignores the collateral benefits associated with voting that are not related to the resulting electoral outcome.
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