Answer:
d. with just a few nights of sleep deprivation, but recovery will take more than a month of normal sleep
Explanation:
During sleep, the body heals itself, wear and tear of cells occur, and the chemical balance of hormones and neurotransmitters is restored. During sleep, the body prepares cytokines, that are protection and infection-fighting substances. Sleep deprivation prevents the production of cytokines and the ability to fight and prevent infections decreases. Sleep also enhances the T-cell responses which are associated with lymphocyte production pathway. Hence, people who remain awake have a lesser T-cell count due to decrease activation of T-cells. Hence, a few nights of sleep deprivation makes the immune system lack behind in the T-cell response generation. This low T-cell activity does not only impede the production of immune system cells but also reduces the functioning of existing cells such as decrease in cytokine functioning. Hence, the entire immune system cells needs a double amount of sleep functioning to keep track of immune system responses and rebuild the cells.
Answer: A) a nucleus
Explanation: The largest amount of DNA in a plant cell is contained in a nucleus.
Answer:
acid
Explanation:
between the grease on the pizza and the acidic based pineapples it would hurt the stomach
Answer:
The correct answer is D.
Explanation:
Bordetella pertussis is a gram-negative coccobacillus that causes a disease called whooping cough.
The bacterium infests the patients by colonizing lung epithelial cells. To do so, it requires adhesins, called filamentous haemagglutinin, fimbriae and pertactin. Once the bacterium is attached to the lung epithelial cells, it produces a cytotoxin that prevents their cilia from moving.
Another virulent factor from B. pertussis is the pertussis toxin, which alters host immune system through the inhibition of phagocytes response to it.
